History of the Mediterranean
(London, 2011), pp. 258–70.
74. Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 38–39, 57–58, 116–30; J. Lyons,
The House of Wisdom: How Arabs Transformed Western Civilization
(London, 2009), pp. 4–5.
75. W. Dalrymple, “The Truth About Muslims,”
New York Review of Books
, November 4, 2004, p. 32; J. H. Elliott, “A Question of Coexistence,”
New York Review of Books
, August 13, 2009, pp. 38–39, 42.
76. O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 131–40; M. R. Menocal,
The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain
(New York, 2002), pp. 17–49; H. Kennedy,
The Courtof the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty
(London, 2004), esp. pp. 112–44.
77. J. Mather,
Pashas: Britons in the Middle East, 1550–1850
(London, 2009), pp. 89–99, 166–67; M. Greene,
A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean
(Princeton, 2000), esp. pp. 3–12; A. Lebor,
City of Oranges: Arabs and Jews in Jaffa
(London, 2006), pp. 11–14; P. Mansel,
Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean
(London, 2010), pp. 1–3, 356; D. Quataert,
The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 172–79; Mazower,
Salonica
, pp. 10, 23.
78. D. Howard,
Venice and the East
(London, 2000); Institut du Monde Arabe,
Venise et l’Orient, 828–1797
(Paris, 2006); L. Jardine and J. Brotton,
Global Interests: Renaissance Art Between East and West
(London, 2000); G. MacLean, ed.,
Re-Orienting the Renaissance: Cultural Exchanges with the East
(London, 2005).
79. J. Cuno,
Who Owns Antiquity? Museums and the Battle over Our Ancient Heritage
(Princeton, 2008), pp. 68–70, and references cited there; N. Matar,
Islam in Britain, 1558–1685
(Cambridge, 1998); Matar,
Turk, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery
(Cambridge, 1999); Matar,
In the Lands of the Christians: Arabic Travel Writing in the Seventeenth Century
(London, 2003).
80. O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 8–9.
81. N. Z. Davis,
Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth-Century Muslim Between Worlds
(New York, 2006). For a similar (Jewish) example of such mobility, from about half a century later, see M. Garcia-Arenal and G. Wiegers,
A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe
(Baltimore, 2003).
82. C. Geertz, “Among the Infidels,”
New York Review of Books
, March 23, 2006, pp. 23–24.
83. Elliott, “Question of Coexistence,” pp. 39, 42; Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 8, 279–81.
84. Sir S. Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 3,
The Kingdom of Acre
(Cambridge, 1955), p. 480.
85. Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, p. 158.
86. For two recent examples of such a more measured approach, see T. Ashbridge,
The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
(London, 2009); J. Phillips,
Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades
(London, 2009).
87. Karabell,
People of the Book
, p. 8; Dalrymple, “Truth About Muslims,” p. 34; Bulliet,
Islamo-Christian Civilization
, p. 45.
88. F. Fernández-Armesto, “Struggle, What Struggle?”
Sunday Times
,
Culture
, May 4, 2003, p. 43.
89. Porter,
Gibbon
, p. 132.
90. S. Freud,
Civilization and Its Discontents
(New York, 1989 ed.), p. 72; p. Baldwin,
The Narcissism of Minor Differences: How America and Europe Are Alike
(Oxford, 2009), p. 10.
91. Kaplan,
Divided by Faith
, pp. 2, 128–29.
92. G. Parker, ed.,
The Thirty Years War
(New York, 1984), pp. 210–11; p. H. Wilson,
Europe’s Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
(London, 2008), pp. 779–821; MacCulloch,
The Reformation
, pp. xx–xxi, 485, 671–72; J. H. Elliott,
Europe Divided, 1559–1598
(London, 1968), pp. 388–97.
93. S. Clark,
Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe
(Oxford, 1997), pp. 64, 377.
94. Kaplan,
Divided by Faith
, pp. 26, 34–38, 47.
95. Wilson,
Europe’s