The Undivided Past Read Free

53–60.
      50. Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 130–31; Burrow,
Gibbon
, pp. 77–78.
      51. A. Cameron, “Thinking with Byzantium,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th. ser., 21 (2011): 54.
      52. R. W. Bulliet,
The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization
(New York, 2004), pp. 1–45.
      53. Brown,
World of Late Antiquity
, p. 194; R. Fletcher,
The Cross and the Crescent: The Dramatic Story of the Earliest Encounters Between Christians and Muslims
(London, 2004), pp. 11–15, 42–44.
      54. R. Crowley,
Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521–1580
(London, 2008); B. Rogerson,
The Last Crusaders: The Hundred-Year Battle for the Centre of the World
(London, 2009).
      55. N. Housley,
Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land
(London, 2009), pp. 208–37; B. J. Kaplan,
Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, Mass., 2007), pp. 300–12.
      56. J. Riley-Smith,
The Crusades, Christianity and Islam
(New York, 2008), pp. 1–7; H. Kennedy,
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
(London, 2007), p. 50; S. O’Shea,
Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World
(London, 2006), p. 173.
      57. A. Wheatcroft,
Infidels: The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam, 638–2002
(London, 2003), pp. 275–309.
      58. H. Pirenne,
Muhammad and Charlemagne
(London, 1939), pp. 151–53, 165–66, 183–85, 284.
      59. Wheatcroft,
Infidels
, pp. xxxi, 5, 39, 48, 59, 157, 309. See, more recently, for a similar argument, A. Wheatcroft,
The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe
(London, 2008).
      60. Pagden,
Worlds at War
, pp. 1–31, 137–38, 171, 176–77.
      61. Wheatcroft,
Infidels
, p. 314.
      62. Ibid., pp. xxxi, 5–6, 38, 202; Pagden,
Worlds at War
, pp. xiv, xx.
      63. D. MacCulloch,
The Reformation: A History
(New York, 2004), p. 676; A. Walsham,
Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700
(Manchester, 2009), p. 238.
      64. Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 18, 20; R. Bonney,
Jihad: From Qur’an to bin Laden
(London, 2004), pp. 1–14, 395–423; O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 15, 171–72; Z. Karabell,
People of the Book: The Forgotten History of Islam and the West
(London, 2007), pp. 4, 20, 26.
      65. H. Goddard,
Christians and Muslims: From Double Standards to Mutual Understanding
(London, 1995), pp. 103–24.
      66. O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 111, 269.
      67. Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 181–82.
      68. Ibid., pp. 82–83; I. Almond,
Two Faiths, One Banner: When Muslims Marched with Christians across Europe’s Battlegrounds
(London, 2009), esp. pp. 8–12.
      69. O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 141, 156; T. S. Ashbridge, “The ‘Crusader’ Community at Antioch: The Impact of Interaction with Byzantium and Islam,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th ser., 9 (1999): 319–21. For another example of how polarized Crusading identities were undercut, see P. E. Chevedden, “The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis,”
History
93 (2008): 181–200.
      70. D. M. Varisco,
Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid
(Seattle, 2007), p. 123; Rogerson,
Last Crusaders
, p. 4.
      71. Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 20–21; N. Matar, “John Locke and the Turbanned Nations,”
Journal of Islamic Studies
2 (1991): 67–77; Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 158–79; O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 277–83; M. Mazower,
Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950
(New York, 2005), p. 24.
      72. Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 60–65; Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 6, 101–14; O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, p. 233.
      73. F. Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, 2 vols. (London, 1972), vol. 2, pp. 757–835; D. Abulafia,
The Great Sea: A Human