Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre Read Free

translator from English and German. In 1782, published a twelve-volume collection of German drama. In Germany in 1787, established ties with the Illuminati. A leader of the 1789 march on the Bastille, subsequently launched Le Tribunal du peuple and, in October 1790, with Fauchet formed the Cercle Social, the early Revolution’s foremost radical reform movement. From October 1790, edited the Cercle’s paper, La Bouche de fer , until late 1791. Imprisoned during the Terror, released after Thermidor. Paine boarded with the Bonnevilles, friends since his arrival in Paris, during his final five years in France (1797–1802).
    Boyer-Fonfrède, Jean-Baptiste (1765–1793), son of a wealthy Bordeaux merchant family and brother-in-law of Ducos, lived in Holland during 1785–89, prominent in the revolutionary ferment in Bordeaux after the Bastille’s fall. With Ducos led the remaining opposition to the Montagnard coup-d’état in the Convention during the summer of 1793 until formally proscribed as an ally of the Brissotins. Guillotined with Brissot on 31 October 1793.
    Brissot (de Warville), Jacques-Pierre (1754–93), prolific author, revolutionary publicist, and champion of freedom of expression, leader of the democratic republican faction often misleadingly termed the “Gironde.” Drawn to the democratic revolutions of Geneva (1782) and Holland (1780–87) which he studied firsthand, toured the United States in 1788, investigating the revolutionary outcome there. Devotee of la philosophie nouvelle , became a prominent revolutionary journalist in 1789, emerging among the Revolution’s chief architects and earliest principled republicans. Among the Revolution’s foremost advocates of human rights, internationalism, and black emancipation. After 10 August 1792, worked closely with Condorcet, unsuccessfully striving to use the Brissotin majority in the Convention to consolidate the democratic republic. Loathed by Marat and Robespierre, was imprisoned in June 1793. Guillotined in Paris on 31 October 1793.
    Buonarotti, Philippe (1761–1837), Florentine nobleman and conspirator among the leading revolutionary republicans in Corsica in 1791–93. Imprisoned after Thermidor for his role in the Terror, amnestied in 1795. Implicated in Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals in Paris, was again imprisoned on its collapse but later acquitted. His history of the Babeuf conspiracy, eventually published in 1828, led to his reputation, including among Marxists, as the first historian of the origins of modern socialism.
    Buzot, François-Nicolas (1760–1794), Evreux lawyer and passionate Rousseauist, elected to the Third in the Estates-General 1789. Among the 1792 Convention’s leading republicans, in December 1792 urged expulsion from France of all the Bourbons, including Philippe-Égalité, which, like all his proposals, antagonizedthe Montagne. Close to Brissot, and lover of Mme. Roland, early in 1793 worked against the concentration of power in the executive committees and for Marat’s expulsion from the Convention. Detested by Robespierre, was hunted down by the Montagne during the Terror, committing suicide on 18 June 1794.
    Cabanis, Pierre-Jean (1757–1808), physician and man of letters, prominent in the Auteuil circle around Mme. Helvétius with ties to Condorcet, Franklin, Mirabeau, Garat, and Volney. Provided the poison capsules for fugitive Brissotins, enabling several, including Condorcet, to commit suicide when caught. A leading Idéologue and, from 1796, a professor of the Institut de France, was elected to the Five Hundred in 1797 where he allied with Sieyès. Despite supporting the 1799 Brumaire coup, was, like all the Idéologues, regarded with suspicion by Napoleon.
    Calonne, Charles Alexandre (1734–1802), senior magistrate and intendant under Louis XV and Louis XVI. As royal controller-general of the finances, in 1786, presented the general plan for the reform of the French tax system that led to the summoning of the