Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre

Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre Read Free Page A

Book: Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre Read Free
Author: Jonathan Israel
Tags: History, France, Political, Europe, Philosophy, Revolutionary, Modern, 18th Century, social
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Assembly of Notables and sequence of events precipitating the Revolution. Disgraced and exiled to England in April 1787. During 1790–92, proclaiming the Revolution a menace to kings, aristocracy, and the privileged everywhere, served as principal adviser to Artois and the émigré command in Germany. Ruined himself financially in the émigré princes’ service.
    Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques de (1753–1824), nobleman from the Montpellier region, elected to the 1792 Convention where he paid lip-service to the republican Revolution but remained aloof from doctrinal disputes, remaining neutral in the struggle between Brissotins and the Montagne while emerging as a principal law reformer. With the 1799 coup of Brumaire, became Second Consul under Napoleon. Instrumental in negotiating the 1801 Concordat with the papacy and drafting the Napoleonic Civil Code.
    Camus, Armand Gaston (1749–1804), before 1789 avocat of the clergy of France and in earlier life an ardent Jansenist and Gallican, during the Revolution became an equally ardent republican detested by most churchmen as a principal architect of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Presided over the reform of the French pension system in 1790–91, applying stringently antiaristocratic, republican principles. Hugely erudite, served as the archivist and librarian of the National Assembly. Handed over to the Austrians by Dumouriez in April 1793, refused to take his hat off to any princes or aristocrats, and remained imprisoned for nearly three years in Germany.
    Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), son of a notary, trained before the Revolution in military engineering and forts, joined the Committee of Public Safety in August 1793, becoming the Montagne’s preeminent military organizer. Architect of the victory of Fleurus (1794) over the Austrians and a leading Thermidorian, rose after Robespierre’s downfall becoming one of the five directors (1795–97). But increasingly royalist in sympathy, ended his revolutionary career as a target of the September 1797 coup of Fructidor. Escaping to Switzerland, remained outside France until the advent of Napoleon’s dictatorship; exiled again at the Restoration in 1814, died in Prussia.
    Carra, Jean-Louis (1742–1793), among the Revolution’s principal republican journalists and electorally most popular deputies; published several books before the Revolution. An adventurous autodidact, in the 1770s spent several years inEngland, Russia, and in Rumanian Wallachia (as secretary of the hospodar). From the summer of 1789, his Annales politiques figured among the foremost revolutionary papers, always backing, like his numerous speeches in the Jacobins, the democratic, antiaristocratic tendency and general emancipation. A key organizer of the 10 August 1792 rising and adversary of Robespierre, subsequently with Chamfort, became a director of the Bibliothèque nationale. Guillotined in Paris on 31 October 1793.
    Carrier, Jean-Baptiste (1756–1794), a taciturn alcoholic, among the most sadistic, mentally unbalanced, and brutal Montagnard leaders. Sent to supervise the war against the Brissotin fédéralistes in Normandy in the summer of 1793, in August was appointed to direct the suppression of the royalist revolt of the Vendée. His atrocities in and around Nantes, his slaughtering thousands, and noyades and nighttime orgies, resulted in his recall, in February 1794, and falling out with Robespierre. Subsequently aligned with Hébert but was not seized in the April 1794 purge. Arrested by the Thermidorians, guillotined in Paris on 16 December 1794.
    Cazalès, Jacques-Antoine (1758–1805), among the nobles championing voting by separate orders in the Estates-General of 1789, emerged from October 1789 as a leader of the National Assembly’s center-right faction striving to defend royalty, aristocracy, and the clergy against the Revolution’s increasingly radical course. Withdrawing from revolutionary politics after the flight to Varennes, with

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