The Truth Machine Read Free

Criminal,
5th ed. (London: Walter Scott Publishing Co., 1914); Hans Gross,
Criminal Psychology: A Manual for Judges, Practitioners, and Students,
trans. Horace M. Kallen (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1911, first published 1905); Charles B. Goring,
The English Convict: A Statistical Study
(London: H.M.S.O., 1913; reprint, Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1972).
    The history of criminology and criminal anthropology has experienced a scholarly renaissance since the appearance of Michel Foucault’s paradigm shifting
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison,
trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979). Stephen Jay Gould’s
The Mismeasure of Man,
rev. and enl. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996) is a useful place to start reading about Lombroso’s criminal anthropology. Important sources also include Arthur E. Fink,
Causes of Crime: Biological Theories in the United States
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1938); Robert Nye, “Heredity or Milieu: The Foundations of European Criminological Theory,”
Isis
67 (1976): 335–55; Martin J. Wiener,
Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830–1914
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Lucia Zedner,
Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991); Marie-Christine Leps,
Apprehending the Criminal: The Production of Deviancein Nineteenth-Century Discourse
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992); Alison Young,
Imagining Crime: Textual Outlaws and Criminal Conversations
(London: Sage, 1996); Nicole Hahn Rafter,
Creating Born Criminals
(Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Richard F. Wetzell,
Inventing the Criminal: A History of German Criminology, 1880–1945
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Peter J. Hutchings,
The Criminal Spectre in Law, Literature and Aesthetics
(London: Routledge, 2001); Mary Gibson,
Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002); David G. Horn,
The Criminal Body: Lombroso and the Anatomy of Deviance
(London: Routledge, 2003); Peter Becker and Richard F. Wetzell,
Criminals and their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Neil Davie,
Tracing the Criminal: The Rise of Scientific Criminology in Britain, 1860–1918
(Oxford: Bardwell Press, 2006); David Garland, “Of Crimes and Criminals: The Development of Criminology in Britain,” in Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner,
The Oxford Handbook of Criminology,
2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
    On degeneration see Daniel Pick,
Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c 1848–1918
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Kelly Hurley,
The Gothic Body: Sexuality, Materialism, and Degeneration at the Fin-de-Siècle
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). For phrenology see David de Giustino,
Conquest of Mind: Phrenology and Victorian Social Thought
(London: Croom Helm, 1975); Roger Cooter,
The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); John Van Wyhe,
Phrenology and the Origins of Victorian Scientific Naturalism
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004); and Nicole Hahn Rafter, “The Murderous Dutch Fiddler: Criminology, History and the Problem of Phrenology,”
Theoretical Criminology
9, no. 1 (2005): 65–96.
    The most recent scholarship on the history of the lie detector includes Ken Alder, “To Tell the Truth: The Polygraph Exam and the Marketing of American Expertise,”
Historical Reflections
24 (1998): 487–525; Margaret Gibson, “The Truth Machine: Polygraphs, Popular Culture and the Confessing Body,”
Social Semiotics
11, no. 1 (2001): 61–73; Ken Alder, “A Social History of Untruth: Lie Detection and Trust in Twentieth-Century