which concepts are reorganized. Metanoia is a specialized, intensified adult form of the same world-view
development found shaping the mind of the infant. Formerly associated
with religion, metanoia proves to be the way by which all genuine
education takes place. Michael Polanyi points out that a "conversion"
shapes the mind of the student into the physicist. Metanoia is a
seizure by the discipline given total attention, and a restructuring of
the attending mind. This reshaping of the mind is the principal key to
the reality function.
The same procedure found in world view development of the child, the
metanoia of the advanced student, or the conversion to a religion,
can be traced as well in the question-answer process, or the proposing
and eventual filling of an "empty category" in science. The asking of
an ultimately serious question, which means to be seized in turn by an
ultimately serious quest, reshapes our concepts in favor of the kinds
of perceptions needed to "see" the desired answer. To be given ears to
hear and eyes to see is to have one's concepts changed in favor of the
discipline. A question determines and brings about its answer just as
the desired end shapes the nature of the kind of question asked. This
is the way by which science synthetically creates that which it then
"discovers" out there in nature.
Exploring this reality function shows how and why we reap as we sow,
individually and collectively -- but no simple one-to-one correspondence
is implied. The success or failure of any idea is subject to an enormous
web of contingencies. Any idea seriously entertained, however, tends
to bring about the realization of itself, and will, regardless of the
nature of the idea, to the extent it can be free of ambiguities. The
"empty category" of science as an example will be explored later and the
same function is triggered by any set of expectancies, as, for instance,
a disease.
For instance, in my wife's case, a grandmother who had died of cancer
was the family legend, and all the females scrupulously avoided all the
maneuvers rumored to have possibly caused the horror. Then, in neat,
diabolical two-year intervals, my wife's favorite aunt died of cancer;
her mother developed cancer but survived the radical-surgery mutilations;
her father then followed and died in spite of extensive medical
machinations. Naturally, two years after burying her father, my wife's
own debacle occurred, in spite of her constant submissions to the high
priests for inspections, tests, and, no doubt, full confessionals. The
fact that all these carcinomas were of different sorts, and on opposite
sides of the family, was incidental. Few people understood my fury when
the medical center that had attended my wife requested that I bring my
just-then-budding teenage daughter for regular six-monthly check-ups for
ever thereafter, since they had found -- and thoroughly advertised -- that
mammary malignancies in a mother tended to be duplicated in the daughter
many hundred percent above average. And surely such tragic duplications do
occur, in a clear example of the circularity of expectancy verification,
the mirroring by reality of a passionate or basic fear.
The "empty category" is no passive pipe dream -- it is an active,
shaping force in the making of events. There are not as many hard line,
brass tack qualifications to the mirroring procedure to be outlined
in this book as one might think. For instance, the Ceylonese Hindu
undergoes a transformation of mind that temporarily bypasses the ordinary
cause-effect relationships -- even those we must have for the kind of
world we know. Seized by his god and changed, the Hindu can walk with
impunity through pits of white-hot charcoal that will melt aluminum
on contact. Recently, in our own country, hypnotically-induced trance
states have replaced chemical anaesthesias, allowing bloodless, painless,
quickly-healing operations to be