Country of Exiles Read Free

Burner,
Herbert Hoover: A Public Life
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 73; on the absence of controls on financial transactions, see Barry Eichengreen,
Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 3; and Doug Henwood,
Wall Street
(New York: Verso, 1997), pp. 106–14. On the full international character of the age, see Karl Polanyi,
The Great Transformation
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), pp. 1–200.
    19. Between 1880 and 1920 American mass manufacturing businesses used every means, including blocking all immigration restriction, to create what labor historian Alexander Keyssar called “brigades” of low-wage workers. See Keyssar,
The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 62.
    20. See on this transformation, David Montgomery,
Workers’ Control in America
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 91–114, and
The Fall of the House of Labor
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
    21. For a recent history that partly chronicles the use of government troops from 1875 to 1910, see Anthony Lukas,
Big Trouble
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), pp. 103–18, 225–39, 261–65.
    22. On the American mining engineer’s worldwide reputation at the turn of the century, see Clark C. Spence,
Mining Engineers and the American West
(Moscow, Id.: University of Idaho Press, 1993), pp. 1–17, 278–317.
    23. Spence,
Mining Engineers and the American West
, pp. 143, 278, 286, 301; and William Leach,
Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of New American Culture
(New York: Vintage, 1994), pp. 352–53.
    24. I have laid out this history in
Land of Desire
.
    25. Josiah Royce,
California
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948; orig. pub. 1886), pp. ix, 182.
    26.
Ibid.
, pp. 174–85.
    27. Josiah Royce,
Race Questions, Provincialism, and Other American Problems
(Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1967; orig. pub. 1908, essay written 1902), pp. 68–69.
    28.
Ibid.
, p. 68.
    29. On these tendencies, see Josiah Royce,
The Philosophy of Loyalty
(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1995; orig. pub. 1908), pp. 103–10; and Royce,
Race Questions
, pp. 61–71.
    30. Royce,
The Philosophy of Loyalty
, p. 54.
    31.
Ibid.
, p. 104.
    32.
Ibid.
, p. 110.
    33. Royce,
California
, pp. 180–81.
    34. See Faraghar,
Sugar Creek
, pp. 51–52, 144–45; and Unruh,
The Plains Across
, pp. 322–23.
    35. Reprinted in Robert Finch and John Elder, eds.,
The Norton Book of Nature Writing
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1990), p. 196.
    36. George Orwell used the term “without bootlicking” to describe American life in the mid-nineteenth century. “There was poverty and there were even class distinctions, but except for the Negroes there was no permanently submerged class,” he wrote. “Everyone had inside him, like a kind of core, the knowledge that he could earn a decent living, and earn it without bootlicking.” Sonia Orwell,
Such, Such Were the Joys
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1945), p. 162.
    37. Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1969), p. 237.
    38. For the best single discussion of American patriotism, see Merle Curti,
The Roots of American Loyalty
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1946). Little of any value has been written on patriotism, but see essays on nationalism by George Orwell, especially “Notes on Nationalism,” in George Orwell,
Such, Such Were the Joys
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1945), pp. 73–97; books by John Lukacs, esp.
Confessions of an Original Sinner
(New York: Tichnor and Fields, 1990), pp. 3–4, 141, 191–96; and Lukacs,
The Hitler of History
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), pp. 113–27; and John Bodnar, ed.,
Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). For an unpersuasive, strained attempt to deal with loyaltyfrom a liberal perspective, see