Burgess: Earthly Powers . HISTORICAL EVENTS: An independent Zimbabwe formed. 1981 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Among the Believers . LITERARY CONTEXT: Rushdie: Midnight’s Children . 1982 HISTORICAL EVENTS: Falklands War. 1983 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Honorary Fellow, University College, Oxford. LITERARY CONTEXT: Narayan: A Tiger for Malgudi . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Reagan proposes ‘Star Wars’. 1984 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Finding the Centre . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Famine in Ethiopia. Indira Gandhi assassinated. 1985 LITERARY CONTEXT: Márquez: Love in the Time of Cholera . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Riots in South Africa. Gorbachev General Secretary in USSR. 1986 LITERARY CONTEXT: Walcott: Collected Poems . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Gorbachev–Reagan summit. 1987 AUTHOR’S LIFE: The Enigma of Arrival. LITERARY CONTEXT: Morrison: Beloved . Levi: The Drowned and the Saved . 1988 LITERARY CONTEXT: Rushdie: The Satanic Verses . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Gorbachev announces big troop reductions. Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister of Pakistan. 1989 AUTHOR’S LIFE: A Turn in the South . LITERARY CONTEXT: Márquez: The General in his Labyrinth . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Fall of the Berlin Wall. Tiananmen Square massacre in China. 1990 AUTHOR’S LIFE: India: A Million Mutinies Now . Knighthood for Services to Literature. LITERARY CONTEXT: Updike: Rabbit at Rest . Walcott: Omeros . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Nelson Mandela released from jail after 27 years’ imprisonment. German reunification. John Major becomes Prime Minister in UK. Attempted coup by Islamic fundamentalists in Trinidad. 1991 LITERARY CONTEXT: M. Amis: Time’s Arrow . Okri: The Famished Road . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Gulf War. Yeltsin President of Russia. USSR disbanded. 1992 HISTORICAL EVENTS: Bill Clinton elected US President. Civil war in former Yugoslavia. 1993 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Wins the first David Cohen Prize for Literature. HISTORICAL EVENTS: Israel hands over West Bank and Jericho to Palestinians. Storming of White House, Moscow. 1994 AUTHOR’S LIFE: A Way in the World . LITERARY CONTEXT: Heller: Closing Time . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Mandela and ANC sweep to victory in South African elections. Rwandan massacres. Russian military action against Chechen republic. 1996 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Wife Patricia Naipaul dies (3 February); marries Nadira Khannum Alvi (15 April). LITERARY CONTEXT: Márquez: News of a Kidnapping . 1997 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Letters. LITERARY CONTEXT: Bellow: The Actual . Roth: American Pastoral . Roy: The God of Small Things . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Tony Blair elected Prime Minister in UK (first Labour government since 1979). Princess Diana is killed in a car accident in Paris. 1998 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Beyond Belief . LITERARY CONTEXT: Morrison: Paradise . Pamuk: My Name is Red . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Northern Ireland Referendum accepts the Good Friday Agreement. Clinton orders air strikes against Iraq. 1999 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Between Father and Son: Family Letters . LITERARY CONTEXT: Coetzee: Disgrace . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Serbs attack ethnic Albanians in Kosovo; US leads NATO in bombing of Belgrade. 2000 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Reading and Writing: A Personal Account . LITERARY CONTEXT: Ishiguro: When We Were Orphans . Smith: White Teeth . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Milosevic’s regime in the former Yugoslavia collapses. George W. Bush is elected President of the US. Putin becomes Russian President. Palestinian intifadah . 2001 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Half a Life; Nobel Prize. LITERARY CONTEXT: McEwan: Atonement . Franzen: The Corrections . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks of 9/11. US and allied military action against the Taliban in Afghanistan. 2002 AUTHOR’S LIFE: The Writer and the World: Essays . LITERARY CONTEXT: Martel: Life of Pi . HISTORICAL EVENTS: Guantanamo Bay detention camps established by Bush administration. 2003 AUTHOR’S LIFE: Literary Occasions: Essays . LITERARY CONTEXT: Atwood: Oryx and