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to Taoiseach Jack Lynch in 1969; minister for justice 1970–73; strongly anti-IRA, O’Malley introduced a special no-jury court to deal with militant republicanism. Appointed minister for industry and commerce in 1977, O’Malley was expelled from Fianna Fáil in 1985 for refusing to follow the party line and went on to found the Progressive Democrats.
    Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (1919–80): Shah of Iran 1941–79. The shah’s efforts at modernisation produced strong economic growth that transformed his country; however his friendship with both the United States and Israel, and his support of women’s rights, turned the religious fundamentalists against him. He appealed to the United States for help but it was not forthcoming; he was driven from power in 1979 and replaced by the Ayatollah Khomeini, who established a religious revolutionary regime.
    Paisley, Ian Richard Kyle (b. 1926): Born in Armagh, the son of James Kyle Paisley, originally a Baptist minister, and his wife Isabella; eventually moved to the Reformed Presbyterian Church; at sixteen young Ian attended a fundamentalist college in South Wales. He was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in August 1946. Later he would found his own church, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, with a strong separatist and fundamentalist theology. From the beginning Ian Paisley was dedicated to the condemnation of Catholicism. His fire-and-brimstone speeches won a wide following among working-class Ulster Protestants, and inspired an extreme, militant sectarianism calling itself “loyalism.” Upon founding the Democratic Unionist Party, or DUP, Paisley led his followers away from the more moderate Ulster Unionist Party. After a lifetime spent in political manoeuvring, in 2007 Ian Paisley finally became first minister of the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont.
    Prisoners identified by name in the Cages and the H-Blocks.
    Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911–2004): Radio sports announcer; film actor; president of the Screen Actors Guild; governor of California 1967–74; fortieth president of the United States 1981–89.
    Rees, Merlyn (1920–2006): The son of a Welsh coal miner, Rees joined the Labour Party; named as shadow secretary of state for Northern Ireland in 1972; became secretary of state for Northern Ireland 1974–76; promoted to home secretary in 1976.
    Reid, Fr. Alec: Redemptorist priest from Clonard Monastery who acted as mediator in various republican feuds; brought Sinn Féin and the SDLP together for talks in 1988; gave artificial respiration to two British army men who were dragged from their vehicle and killed after they drove into the funeral of Volunteer Kevin Brady in 1988; was one of the two independent clerical witnesses to the final act of IRA decommissioning in 2005.
    Reynolds, Albert (b. 1932): Businessman and politician; member of Fianna Fáil; elected to Dáil Éireann as TD for Longford-Roscommon in 1977; minister for finance (1988–91); minister for industry and commerce (1987–88); minister for industry and energy (1982); minister for posts and telegraphs and transport (1979–81); eighth taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland 1992–94.
    Robinson, Mary (b. 1944): Academic; barrister; civil rights campaigner; member of the Irish Senate 1969–89; elected Ireland’s first female president in 1990.
    Sands, Bobby (1954–81): Born in Belfast; during his youth loyalist harassment forced his family to move twice; Sands left school at fifteen to become an apprentice coach-builder; joined the IRA while still in his teens; arrested for IRA membership in 1972; sentenced in 1973 to five years’ imprisonment in Long Kesh; studied Irish in prison; released in April of 1976; rearrested in October of that year for possession of a gun; sentenced to fourteen years; arrived in the H-Blocks in September 1977; wrote articles under the pen name “Marcella” for the republican press;